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Kingdom of Ulidia
The Kingdom of Ulidia, meaning "the lesser Ulster",〔''Dictionary of National Biography'' Sidney Lee, ed., New York: MacMillan & Co.; London: Smith, Elder & Co. (1893), Vol. 35 Mac Carwell – Maltby, p 52〕 also known as simply the Kingdom of Ulster, was a somewhat fluid area of Gaelic Ireland's Ulaidh (or Ulster) province (Latin ''Ultonia'') that remained under rule of the Ulaid after the 5th-century encroachments of the Uí Néill.〔G.H. Hack ''Genealogical History of the Donlevy Family'' Columbus, Ohio: printed for private distribution by Chaucer Press, Evans Printing Co. (1901), p 38 (Wisconsin Historical Society Copy)〕〔''Encyclopedia Britannica'', 11th ed., 1911 Encyclopedia Britannica Company, Cambridge, England, p. 569 "Ulster (U'ladh) was one of the early provincial kingdoms of Ireland, formed, according to the legendary chronicles at the Milesian conquest of the island ten centuries before Christ, and given to the descendants of Ir …”〕〔John O'Hart ''Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation'', 5th edition, in two volumes, originally published in Dublin in 1892, reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976, Vol. 1, (The Line of Ir) p. 299 and (The Line of Heremon), pp. 351 and 355 O’Hart’s chronology differs from the ''Britannica'' in that at its page 351 at “37.” it sets the date of establishment of the Ulaid state at 1699 B.C., which has greater coincidence to the date of archeological evidence of an overwhelming 15th century B.C. migration of Iberian Celts to Ireland, but at its page 355 at “72.” O’Hart’s chronology concurs with the ''Britannica'' that Ulster province was granted as a kingdom to the descendants of Ir, which prince O’Hart notes at page 299 at “37.” to have been a son of the Iberno-Celt King Milesius of Spain & Portugal, which son did not survive the Milesian or Iberian Celts’ conquest of Ireland but died in a ship sinking before that war vessel reached Ireland.〕 An individual member of the Ulaid nation or the Kingdom of Ulidia was known in Irish as an "Ultach" (variant spellings are "Ultagh" or "Ultaigh"), in Latin as an "Ultonii" and in English as an "Ultonian" or "Ulsterite".〔again, G.H. Hack ''Genealogical History of the Donlevy Family'' Columbus, Ohio: printed for private distribution by Chaucer Press, Evans Printing Co. (1901), p 38 (Wisconsin Historical Society Copy)〕
==Boundaries and ruling houses==
Located in the extreme southeast of what had been the larger Ulaidh, Ulidia comprised a land area, roughly, contemporaneous with that of modern County Down and the southern portion of County Antrim in Northern Ireland.〔John O'Hart, ''Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation'', 5th edition, in two volumes, originally published in Dublin in 1892, reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976, Vol. 1, (Principal Families of Ulster) p. 819, (footnote), “Uladh … in after times was confined … to a large territory on the east of Ulster called Ulidia. … and comprised the present county Down with a great portion of Antrim; thus containing in the south and south-east parts of Antrim, the districts along the shores of Lough Neagh and Belfast Lough, Carrickfergus and the peninsula of the Island of Magee in Larne; and thence in line westward to the river Bann. The remaining portion of the county Antrim obtained the name of Dalriada.”〕〔''The Encyclopedia of Ireland'', B. Lalor and F. McCourt editors, © 2003 New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 1089 ISBN 0-300-09442-6, discussing the rapid diminution of the original territory of Ulahd province, so that for most of the historic existence of the Ulaidh, it consisted only of the extreme Eastern portion of Ulster〕〔''The Oxford Companion to Irish History'', 2nd ed., S.J. Connolly editor, © 1998, 2002 Oxford: Oxford University Press, pp. 350–351, ISBN 0-19-866270-X, discussing also the Ulaid dynasties remaining after the 5th century AD and their regions of rule therein〕 County Down, Northern Ireland has an area of 250 square miles. The area of all County Antrim, Northern Ireland would be another 217 square miles.〔''Merriam-Webster’s 11th Collegiate Dictionary'' Springfield: Merriam-Webster’s, Inc. © 2004, pages 1514 and 1533〕
Prior to the Kingdom’s and the Ulaid Nation's substantial collapse in the late 12th century AD, Ulidia's interrelated Red Branch ruling houses (I. "Cróeb Ruad" or "red earth" royal houses) were the remaining of the Dál Fiatach group of Ulaid royal dynasties. Prominently at end, these were the O'Hoey or O'Haughey (I. O'h Eochadh or O'Heochadha, old names for the MacDonlevy)〔G.H. Hack ''Genealogical History of the Donlevy Family'' Columbus, Ohio: printed for private distribution by Chaucer Press, Evans Printing Co. (1901), pp 18 and 38 (Wisconsin Historical Society Copy)〕 (parent house),〔John O’Hart, ''Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation'', 5th edition, in two volumes, originally published in Dublin in 1892, reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976, Vol. 1, p. 427〕 the MacDonlevy (I. "Mac Duinnshléibhe") (descended house) (over-kings of Ulidia), the MacMahon or McMahon (sometimes O'Mahon) (I. O'Mathghamhna) and the O'Lowry (surname) (sometimes Lynch (surname) or Linch) (I. O'Luingsigh).〔John O'Hart, ''Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation'', 5th edition, in two volumes, originally published in Dublin in 1892, reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976, Vol. 1, p. 819 (Principal Families of Ulster)〕〔G.H. Hack ''Genealogical History of the Donlevy Family'' Columbus, Ohio: printed for private distribution by Chaucer Press, Evans Printing Co. (1901), pp 16, 18 and 38 (Wisconsin Historical Society Copy)〕 The over-kingship of the Ulaid (an elected office of its royalty) was restricted to the lineage of the Dál Fiatach's MacDonlevy after 1137 AD.〔Francis J. Byrne, ''Irish Kings and High Kings'', Four Courts Press, 2001, p. 128, “So for instance when after 1137 the Dal Fiatach kingship was confined to the descendants of Donn Sleibe Mac Eochada (slain in 1091), the rigdamnai set themselves apart from the rest of the family by using the name Mac Duinnshleibhe (Donleavy).”〕 These royals of Ulidia were the famed earthen mound building Red Branch knights of Ulster for whom Constance Markievicz, originally, named the Irish patriot organisation "Na Fianna Éireann”.〔(War of Independence online archive, © 2011 ), Article about the foundation of Na Fianna Eireann – The Irish National Boy Scouts by the late Donnchadh Ó Shea.〕
Other of the principal of these mostly interrelated clanna〔4th ''MacEachen's Gaelic-English Dictionary'', Inverness, The Northern Counties Newspaper and Printing and Publishing Company, Limited, 1922, p. 90, pl., literally, "offspring"〕 of Gaelic Ireland's Uldia (kingdom) were the O'Hughes (surname) or Clan Hugh (I. Clan Aodha), whose chiefs ruled in the area of modern County Down near its border with modern County Antrim, the Magennis, Mac Guinness or Guinness (surname) (I. Mag Aonghuis), whose chiefs ruling in an area that is comprised now in modern western County Down where of Cruthin Dál nAraidi linage, the O'Downey (surname) or O'Devaney (I. O'Duibheanaigh), whose chiefs ruled in Cinel Amhalgaidh, now, Clanawley in County Down, the O'Doolan (I. O'Duibhleachain), chiefs of the Clan Breasail in an area near modern Kinelarty now in the modern Barony (Ireland) of Castlereagh, the O'Coulter (surname) (I. O'Coltarain), which chiefs ruled Dal Coirb in the land, that is now the modern Barony (Ireland) of Castlereagh, the O'Flinn, chiefs of the Hy-Tuirtre, a people seated on the east side of the River Bann and Lough Neagh in Antrim, the Mac or McGee of Ulidia (kingdom)'s Island Macgee, the Mac or McGowan or Gowan (from I. "gobha", E. "blacksmith") of the Clanna Rory, who produced several of the over-kings of the Ulaidh and the Kingdom of Ulidia and who were expelled from the former area of Ulidia (kingdom) to Donegal by the English in the late 12th century, the O'Kelly of the Clan brasil Mac Coolechan in County Down, the MacNulty (I. "Mac an Ultaigh", old name for the O'Garvey) (parent house) and the O'Garvey (I. "O'Gairbidh" of Tirowen or Tyrone) (descended house). The O'Garvey kings, of Cruthin Uí Echach Cobo lineage, ruled in Iveagh (I. "Eachach Cobha" or older "Magh Cobha"), the largest of Ulidia's sub-kingdoms, located on the western outskirts of Ulidia and comprising, then, what is today much of the southern and western part of County Down.〔John O'Hart, ''Irish Pedigrees; or, The Origin and Stem of the Irish Nation'', 5th edition, in two volumes, originally published in Dublin in 1892, reprinted, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Company, 1976, Vol. 1, p 311-312, 466, 819-820, 872〕〔''Dictionary of American Family Names'', P. Hanks ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press (2003) Vol. 2 G-N pp. 554–555 ISBN 0-19-508137-4 (Vol. 2) for detail on McGuinness, including variants〕〔''Origin of the Surname, McNulty, and its Association with the McDonlevys/Dunleavys of County Down'' by Paul B. McNulty, Emeritus Professor, University College Dublin, a genealogical researcher and Irish language speaker, under section “Migration of the Dunleavys from County Down” noting, also, that some of today’s MacNulty may instead be MacDonlevy royals, who adopted the Mac an Ultaigh (Irish language surname) meaning "descended of the Ulahd" (or at least the Irish nickname surname "Ultaigh", that is Ulidian) in the middle ages after emigrating from Ulidia following its fall. The article also notes that, otherwise, the clanna MacNulty/O'Garvey is unique from the clanna Hoey/MacDonlevy. See this notes source and article links for further detail.〕 Though both claim descent from Ir, early sources preserve a distinction between the Cruthin and Ulaid races before the Dál nAraidi claimed to be the "true Ulaid" through largely artificial genealogies.
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